Understanding the Causes and Treatment of Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma is an aggressive form of brain cancer. It can cause many symptoms, including headaches, nausea, vomiting, balance and coordination issues, seizures, and memory problems. While there is still no cure for Medulloblastoma, medical advancements have paved the way for advanced treatments to help manage the condition.

Medulloblastomas are malignant (cancerous) and fast-growing. They are all classified as Grade IV tumors ⁽¹⁾. 

Commonly identified subtypes in Children are:

1. WNT-activated
2. SHH-activated
3. Group 3 (non-WNT / non-SHH)
4. Group 4 (non-WNT / non-SHH)

What is Medulloblastoma?

Medulloblastoma is a type of brain tumor. It appears in the part of the brain known as the cerebellum, which controls balance and coordination and regulates some aspects of thinking and memory. Symptoms usually develop over time, depending on how quickly they grow and spread to other brain parts.

Causes

Medulloblastoma’s exact cause is unknown, but genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to its formation. Several gene mutations have been linked with the disease. Some cases may be due to inherited genetic syndromes such as Turcot’s syndrome. Research has also suggested that specific environmental exposures may increase a person’s risk of tumor development, including exposure to radiation, viruses, or certain chemicals.

Symptoms

Symptoms of Medulloblastoma can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. Common signs may include headache, nausea and vomiting, vertigo or balance problems, blurred or double vision, difficulty walking, seizures, and hearing loss. If the tumor is located in the spine, it may cause back pain. In more advanced cases, symptoms such as mental changes, periodic limb movement disorders (PLMD), coordination difficulties, and weakness in the legs or arms may be seen. It’s essential to seek medical help if you notice any concerning symptoms.

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Diagnosis and Staging of Medulloblastoma

If your doctor suspects you may have Medulloblastoma, they will recommend a series of tests to diagnose the condition accurately. These tests may include imaging scans such as a CT or MRI, laboratory blood and urine sample tests, and a biopsy for more detailed testing. Staging of the tumor is essential in determining treatment options. Generally, Medulloblastomas are classified into four stages based on size, location, and spread from the primary site to other body parts. Treatment plans will depend on this stage and must be tailored to individual needs.

Treatment of Medulloblastoma

Once a diagnosis of Medulloblastoma has been confirmed, treatment will usually involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery may include the removal or partial removal of the tumor. Radiation therapy reduces the size of any remaining tumors and prevents recurrence. Chemotherapy drugs are given intravenously (by injection) to destroy any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, targeted therapies targeting cancer cells while avoiding damage to normal healthy cells might also be recommended.